Northern Shrike

Northern Shrike is a species of medium- to large-sized predatory songbirds that spend the summer in the northern territories of Asia and Europe, as well as North America including Canada and Alaska, but they winter south in the temperate regions. These passerine birds are characterized by a large head, a sturdy beak that is curved at the end, and medium-long black tail with white corners.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata
Class	Aves
Order	Passeriformes
Family	Laniidae
Genus	Lanius
Scientific Name	Lanius excubitor

Quick Information

Similar Species	Southern gray shrike, Chinese gray shrike, Loggerhead shrike, Lesser gray shrike
Other Names	Northern gray shrike, Pie-grièche grise (French), Great grey shrike (British)
Size	8.7-10.2 inches (22-26 cm)
Wingspan	12-14 inches (30-36 cm)
Weight	2.1-2.5 oz (60-70 g)
Color	Pearl-gray back, white cheeks, chin, throat, and chest; deep black mask extending from the bill to the ear coverts, black wings with white patch
Distribution	Central Alaska, British Columbia, southern Canada, Newfoundland, California, and northeastern states in North America; UK, Spain, Italy, France, Sweden, Russia, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, and some other European countries; China, Japan, India, Iran, Nepal, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates in Asia
Habitat	Semi-open grasslands with shrubs or medium/tall trees; breeds in partly open/scattered spruce woods and alder scrubs in taiga as well as the edges of tundra; during the winter, moves to semi-open lands with high perches or some brushy areas
Sound/Song	A mix of warbles, harsh tones, whistles, chatter, and trills; harsh greee, kweee, or jaaa as alarm calls; emits a knuk call when the young birds are threatened, uses the waik call to show submissive behavior and beg for food
Lifespan	12 years
Diet	Small birds, large insects, voles and other rodents; occasionally eats reptiles including frogs, snakes, and lizards
Adaptations	Sharp, hooked beak, keen eyesight
Nesting	April or May
Nest Size	Outer diameter: 20-28 cm Inner diameter: 8-12 cm Depth: 10-15 cm
Size of Clutch	4-9 eggs
Egg Size (approx)	Length: 26 mm Width: 19.5 mm
Number of Broods	Single brood a year though replacement clutches occur after nest loss
Incubation Period	16-21 days
Predation and Competition	Carnivorous mammals, raptorial birds, little owls, and other predators
IUCN Conservation Status	Least Concern

Behavior

These diurnal birds frequently travel through their range, living in groups containing more than six pairs and becoming solitary during the mating season. Their usual flying pattern is heavy and undulating, but they fly straight in a determined manner when attacking.

To hunt prey, the Northern Shrikes sit on exposed perches and once the prey is located, they pounce on it in rapid, powerful flight. Even though a small prey is seized with their feet, the vertebrates are killed with their hooked bill. Living prey is often impaled on spines, thorns, or barbed wire and then consumed later.

Mating and Reproduction

Northern Shrikes produce their offspring during the summer, usually once a year. During the breeding season, they develop strong monogamous pair bond that loosens over the winter. The male birds fly beyond their breeding range in search of potential mates. Once the female is encountered, the male performs courtship displays by fluttering the wings while singing or calling. Moreover, the male maintains caches to entice females, which then give begging calls. Actual copulation starts after the male passes the stored cache to the female. Both the sexes take part in building the nests, though the nest materials such as grasses, feathers, hair, twigs, and roots are collected by the male.

Life Cycle

After the eggs are laid in May, the female starts incubating while the male brings the food for her. At hatching, the offspring are pink-skinned, blind, and helpless, and they depend on their mother for food. Fledging at 2-3 weeks, the offspring become independent after 3-6 weeks. The juvenile birds reach sexual maturity at about 1 year of age.

Interesting Facts

• The scientific name of this species of shrike means, “sentinel butcher.”
• These birds kill more prey than they can instantly eat, and store the excess prey for consumption during food scarcity.
• They have open cup-shaped nests, which are so deep that the tail of a female is only visible while incubating.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_grey_shrike
2. https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-shrike
3. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Shrike/id
4. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22730627/0